PROTOPLAST FUSION

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Protoplast fusion or also known as somatic hybridization is an important method in plant breeding programs that has a role in increasing genetic diversity in plants. The term protoplast itself refers to a plant cell without a cell wall that is enclosed only by a plasma membrane. Protoplasts derived from a cell can be separated from the cell wall enzymatically or mechanically. Protoplasts that have been separated from their cell walls can be regenerated into whole plants. Protoplast fusion is a method for combining two or more cells to obtain a new cell combination with the help of electricity or chemicals. Protoplast is a naked cell without a wall which is only protected by the plasma membrane. Protoplast isolation was first carried out by Klercher in 1892. Protoplasts can be isolated from almost all plant parts, such as roots, leaves, root nodules, coleoptiles, callus culture and leaves in vitro.

Plant somatic hybridization through protoplasmic fusion is an important method in manipulating plant ploidy, so as to combine and combine somatic cells from different cultivars, species, or genera to produce new genetic combinations. The protoplast fusion technique is used to mix genetic traits from the same plant species or from different species, which is followed by the selection process of the desired somatic hybrid cell and its regeneration into a hybrid plant. Protoplast fusion can also be used to overcome problems in sexual crossing, namely plants that are difficult or impossible to cross conventionally. Especially in plants that experience sexual incompatibility and sterility (both male and female sterile) or plants with a long life cycle. Protoplast fusion can be carried out to transfer several useful genes such as disease resistance genes, nitrogen fixation, fast growth rates, more formation of certain products, protein quality, tolerance to cold temperatures, tolerance to drought, resistance to herbicides from one species to another. other species. Protoplast fusion is also used to combine genes from different organisms to create new strains with desired traits. This technique can be applied not only to plants but also to fungi, or in the engineering of microbial strains for certain industrial bioprocesses.

 

Source :

Nurhasanah & Widi, S. 2019. Fusi Protoplas. Bogor: Penerbit IPB Press.

Sukmaja, D., Novianti, S., Endang, G., Ika, R. & Tintin, S. 2007. Teknik Isolasi dan Kultur Protoplas Tanaman Padi. Jurnal AgroBiogen, 3(2): 60-65.

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